DETECTIVE NOVELS

by William H. Benson

October 25, 2012

     It is a winning formula. Create an appealing character, place him or her in a complex, hard-to-crack situation, and watch the plot boil. For decades, authors have written mysteries by that same formula.   

     Agatha Christie brought to life Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple and sold thousands of books. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle found fortune and fame when he described the mystery-solving talents of his pipe-smoking detective Sherlock Holmes. Earle Stanley Gardner wrote eighty-six Perry Mason mysteries. Then there is Dick Francis’s Sid Halley, Dashiell Hammet’s Phillip Marlowe, Mickey Spillane’s Mike Hammer, Robert Parker’s Spencer, and multitudes more. The suspense holds our attention because as human beings we are curious. We read because we want to know what happened.

     But we should not limit ourselves to just mysteries. Edgar Rice Burroughs wrote adventures, stories of Tarzan swinging through African jungles, and of John Carter fighting the creatures that inhabit the planet Mars. Ian Fleming wrote fourteen James Bond spy novels. Then there is Fran Striker’s Lone Ranger, a detective but in a Western setting.

     Then there are the comic book superheroes, such as Superman, Batman, and Spiderman, who solve immense problems with their superior-strength, skill, and acumen. In the movies there are hundreds of larger-than-life characters. For example, Sylvester Stallone built a franchise around his fictional boxer Rocky Balboa. It is difficult to determine who is more real: Stallone or Rocky? Wherever one looks, one sees the same formula again and again: a larger-than-life character blessed with skills of perception, or strength, or endurance.

     These characters are normally on the side of “good.” Few, if any, are sewing seeds of discord and enmity, for there is nothing attractive or appealing in that. Instead, they sort out tangled webs of intrigue, and bring resolution and insight to a stack of problems. For example, the Lone Ranger offers hope and comfort to hard-up people eking a living on the western frontier, and Tarzan kills a lion, a rhinoceros, a panther and so protects Jane Porter.    

     It is human nature to allow a story to invade our thoughts and carry us into a fictional world, one where perplexing circumstances are at the last moment corrected, where the super person performs effortlessly, and where people are suddenly relieved from their tensions and burdens.

     The creator though remains hidden, screened from sight by his or her text. The author is a far less-compelling figure than the fictional created-being. Where the creation assumes a fabled existence, the author is stuck in the drab and colorless world called the present, one absent the excitement and intrigue that the creation inhabits. There is a distinction between creator and creation.

     The English majors are those best at bringing into life these wonder-filled creations. Those students are superb at reading, describing, and revealing any given character’s motivations and actions. On the other hand, the history majors are relegated to observing only real-life, actual, historical persons. Two different mindsets: the former includes intrigue, tension, superhuman capabilities, complex plots, a powerful antagonist, and admirable characteristics, whereas the latter limits him or herself to a real person and to identifying what happened and why.

      Hollywood jumps into the fictional world because it dazzles, tempts, and grabs our minds better than the historical world does. History may provide a movie its background, but the story is fictional.    

     Edgar Allan Poe wrote the first detective novel, “The Murders in the Rue Morgue,” featuring Dupin, a predecessor to Sherlock Holmes, but Poe downplayed what he called, “these tales of ratiocination,” because he observed that “people think them more ingenious than they are.” He asks, “where is the ingenuity in unraveling a web which you yourself have woven for the express purpose of unraveling?” The answer is that the story holds our attention and keeps our innate boredom at bay for an hour or two.

     The elections will be over in two weeks and then we will know. When we vote, we cease dwelling in the fictional world, peer at the candidates, and select one rather than another. Inevitably, the candidates fall short of fulfilling the promises they made to get our votes, dashing our expectations. We expect a super person, but we get someone human, all too human, someone much like ourselves.

      The truth is that there is no Lone Ranger who will stealthily enter into our lives and solve the problems we ourselves have created. There is no Tarzan to fight the wild animals lurking in the forests we have blindly walked into, and there is no Sherlock Holmes to sort out the crimes we and others have committed. No one among us wears a cape or a mask, or drives a Batmobile. We are too much human.

     Or as Cassius explained to Brutus in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, “The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars but in ourselves, that we are underlings.”

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS AND HIS SHIPS

by William H. Benson

October 11, 2012

     Christopher Columbus achieved preeminence during the Age of Exploration, that most adventurous chapter in Europe’s long and troubled history. The Age had begun when Portugual’s Prince Henry the Navigator in the fifteenth century, had dispatched his vessels south along Africa’s western coast, hoping to find a route to the treasures that he knew Asia possessed.

      Eventually, it was Vasco da Gama who rounded Africa’s southern cape, sailed across the Indian Ocean and reached India. Thereafter, the Portuguese set up trading stations in India, Africa, and China.

     Because the Spanish king and queen, Ferdinand and Isabella, wanted a part in this lucrative trade, they agreed to support the Italian mariner, Christopher Columbus, who convinced them that he could sail due west and reach Asia, India and China. American history began on October 12, 1492 when Columbus landed his three Spanish caravels on an island in the Bahamas. 

     Because of Columbus’ daring, Europeans no longer considered the Atlantic Ocean a barrier, a blockade to travel. By conquering the Atlantic Ocean, he minimized the world to a navigable size. His feat was a display of human ingenuity, a confluence of skills and adaptations that men had learned over several millennium.

     Human beings are land animals, ill-equipped to survive little more than a few minutes in the water. To transport themselves to distant lands, men had to develop the means to cross the oceans and seas riding atop the water. Unlike on land, where men had harnessed a horse, mule, ox, or camel in order to carry them vast distances, men had not discovered any ocean animals that they might similarly domesticate. Whales dived too deep for men to ride on their backs.

     Men understood that they had to take land-based items with them if they were to survive when riding the waves. So, knowing that logs float on water, they chopped down trees, cut them up, and assembled them into rafts, boats, and ships. Men next wove thread made from plants into cloth that when stretched upon a mast served as a sail that harnessed the wind and propelled the ship.

     Thus, the principle was set: adapt land products in order to survive when floating atop the water. It is not a coincidence that a three-masted ship is sometimes called a “bark.”

     Some might suggest that because ship-building was so important to the English that in their language they attached it as a suffix to other words to describe an exceptional skill level, such as horsemanship, friendship, seamanship, and workmanship. Or it is more likely that the word for a floating vessel originated as watercraftsmanship or some other variation and that it was gradually shortened to just “ship.”

     Jacques Barzun, the historian and author of From Dawn to Decadence: 1500 to the Present, argued in favor of the Greek word “techne” rather than “technology” to describe an accumulation of skill. Of techne, Barzun said, “The word is short and exact; technology is neither.” The construction of ocean-going vessels in the fifteenth-century was indeed Europe’s newest techne.

     It was not enough to know how to sail a ship. It was also important that a mariner know where he was in relation to his home, and in what direction and how fast he was moving. He studied the stars and identified Polaris, the North Star that sits fixed, overhead at the North Pole, at 90º latitude, but at the equator, at 0º latitude, the star appears to sit on the northern horizon. Sailors knew with astonishing accuracy their latitude base upon Polaris’s height in the night-time sky. “I am constant, as the North Star,” wrote Shakespeare in his play Julius Caesar.

     Navigators began to make instruments to assist in determining a position at sea; Columbus took with him a compass, an astrolabe, an hourglass, the quadrant, the backstaff, and charts. The idea developed of applying to a map a grid of latitude and longitude, and so maps of useful assistance.

     Christopher Columbus’s Spanish caravels were an amazing display of human ingenuity, techne, and workmanship, involving shipwrights, astro-navigators, cartographers, and instrument makers. He sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean because of the efforts contributed by many others.

     Columbus sailed the Atlantic, but so did the Norsemen centuries before, but in a more northerly route. The Chinese circumnavigated the Indian Ocean in their “junks,” early in the fifteenth century, and so did the Arabians in their “dhows.” James Michener, in his book Hawaii, wrote that the Polynesians conquered the Pacific Ocean in crude dugout canoes seven centuries before Columbus, and that by doing so, they “accomplished miracles.”

     Men and women gaze upon their ships with fondness; this is a love affair that has never faltered. Cabins in those city-like cruise ships are normally filled, and daily those ships traverse the Atlantic, Pacific, and Mediterranean. Some sail for pleasure, to see the sights; others do so for business or trade; and not a few others, like Columbus, do so because they are greedy for gold.

EXTRAORDINARY VS. THE GREAT

by William H. Benson

September 27, 2012

     On September 28, 1941, a Sunday,Ted Williams played in the 1941 season’s last game for the Boston Red Sox, and at eight times at bat that day, he hit six times, good enough to push his batting average to .406. It was his third year in the pro’s, and he was the first professional baseball player in eleven years to exceed .400, ever since Bill Terry last did it in 1930, and no one has achieved it since.

     A player’s batting average tells how good or great a player truly is. It is determined by dividing a player’s cumulative total number of hits by the number of times he went to bat. A .406 batting average meant that Ted Williams struck a base hit better than four times out of every ten times that he was at bat. A batting average of .250 is terrible, .350 is great, but .406 is extraordinary.

     In the current baseball season, Miguel Cabrera of Venezuela, a slugger for the Detroit Tigers, leads the American League with a batting average of .333, and Melky Cabrera of the Dominican Republic, leads the National League with an average of .346. No one approaches .400.

     All the players in professional sports are great players. For a player to suit up and play for any professional team indicates great talent, but then there are the stars the game-changers, those immensely competitive, driven to win, and blessed with exceptional abilities.

     In hockey there was Wayne Gretzky and Gordie Howe. In football there was Johnny Unitas, Terry Bradshaw, Dan Marino, Joe Montana, and John Elway. In basketball, there was Wilt Chamberlain, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, and Michael Jordan. In baseball, there was Ty Cobb, Babe Ruth, Joe DiMaggio, Ted Williams, Mickey Mantle, Hank Aaron, Pete Rose, and Barry Bonds. The great players are common; the stars are rare, a couple handfuls.

     What is remarkable is that the difference between the great and the star is slight, barely perceptible, and yet it is there. Bill James, baseball’s preeminent statistician, said it best, “Think about it. One absolutely cannot tell, by watching, the difference between a .300 hitter and a .275 hitter. The difference is one hit every two weeks.” In other words in a single game or in a week’s series of games, no one can distinguish the great from the star. Only the statistician can do that.

     Michael Lewis, in his book Moneyball, makes the point very clear that the baseball scouts are clueless about identifying the rare talent. The scout cries that he ends up “driving sixty thousand miles, staying in a hundred [crummy] motels, and eating [who] knows how many meals at Denny’s all so you could watch 200 high school and college baseball games inside of four months, 199 of which were completely meaningless to you.”

     The problem with the scouts is that they rely solely upon subjective thinking, intuition, hunches, and what they see in one or two games. Michael Lewis wrote, “They believed they could judge a player’s performance simply by watching it, but the naked eye was an inadequate tool. The human mind played tricks on itself. There was a lot you couldn’t see when you watched a baseball game.”

      Billy Beane, when general manager of the Oakland A’s a dozen years ago, said that the scouts were “victimized by what [they] see.” It was Billy Beane who turned player-selection upside down by using statistics or objective thinking to determine who could hit and field, rather than by just eyeballing a player’s looks and skills. Beane had a low payroll budget, but because he wanted to win games, he found on the college statistical tables those great but low-cost players, and they won him lots of games.

     Recently I heard a foreigner now living in the U.S. summarize what he thinks of Americans. “All they want to do is throw things away and play ball.” Oh yes! They want to play ball, and they want to watch others play ball. Sometimes when seated in the bleachers though we see things happen on the field or in the court that truly amaze and astonish us. Two examples.

     The very last time that John Elway put on his helmet and played a professional football game, it was on January 31, 1999, and he led his Denver Broncos to a victory in Super Bowl XXXIII. Such a thing rarely happens in the pro’s. Most retire with a whimper, their bodies broken, their minds filled with regrets and excuses. But Elway retired a Super Bowl champion, no regrets and no excuses.

     Then, on Wednesday, September 28, 1960, the same day of the year back in 1941 that Ted Williams boosted his batting average up and over .400, Ted Williams strode to the batter’s box in Boston’s Fenway Park. It was the final game of the season, his final time at bat, and the final game of his career because he had already decided to retire. The pitcher pitched. Ted swung and hit a home run.

PHYLISS DILLER AND NEIL ARMSTRONG

by William H. Benson

September 20, 2012

     When a King is in his court and requires a miracle, he calls for his wizard. When he needs someone to protect his kingdom and vanquish the enemy, he calls for his knight, but when he needs to laugh, he calls for his jester. In the September 7 edition of the magazine, The Week, there were two obituaries, that of Neil Armstrong and also that of Phyllis Diller, two very different personalities, but the citizens living in the kingdom of the United States forty years ago knew Neil and Phyllis very well.

      In the late 1960’s, Neil Armstrong was our country’s predominant wizard, the man who was capable of flying a contraption called a rocket to the moon, and once there, he walked upon the moon’s surface and then flew that same rocket back to Earth, where he was welcomed home with wild unabashed public acclaim. Prior to that in the early 1950’s, as a Navy jet pilot he was a knight who climbed into his special suit of armor, into the cockpit of a fighter jet, and “flew 78 combat missions” over Korea.

     Phyllis Diller was the kingdom’s jester, a lady who could produce a laugh amongst the most jaded of audiences. The late 1960’s were difficult years: Walter Cronkite’s news of the war in Vietnam was grim, anti-war demonstrators ran wild in the streets, and the disenfranchised demanded that now was the time they receive their civil rights. Yet, when Phyllis Diller strode onto the stage, all that was momentarily forgotten, swept aside. The New York Times said that she had a “hard-hitting approach to one-liners.”

     Her jokes, “her rapid-fire wit,” overpowered audiences. Women working at home for a husband and children identified with her persona as a middle-aged housewife worried about her looks and stuck in a dreary marriage with a husband she called “Fang.” She asked, “What exactly causes wrinkles?” She answered, “Worry and stress! That’s why my face has been perennially selected as poster girl for the Ohio State Fair Whipped Prune Festival.” She said, “Whenever someone suggests that we get together and chew the fat, I start squirming.”

     There you have it—the roles people play: the King seated atop a throne wearing a jeweled-crown, the White Knight suited in glistering armor, the Wizard with his books of enchantments and his tall cone-shaped pointed hat, and the Jester with his jester’s goofy hat. Each plays a part in life’s grand acts.

     And where do you go to watch this play? Before the days of television, radio, movies, and twenty-four hour on-line news, people observed it via the newspapers, pamphlets, and magazines. Thomas Paine, writing in 1775 in the Pennsylvania Magazine, called a magazine “as a kind of bee-hive, which both allures the swarm, and provides room to store their sweets. Its division into cells gives every bee a province of its own.” In Time, Newsweek, and The Week, an inquisitive soul can read of books, houses, art, political developments, obituaries, sciences, and of kings, queens, wizards, knights, and jesters.

     Paine said that “a magazine, when properly conducted, is the nursery of genius, . . . a kind of market for wit and utility,” and that “The two capital supports of a magazine are utility and entertainment.”

     Phyllis Diller provided the entertainment. Of wit, Thomas Paine observed, that it, “like the passions, has a natural wildness that requires governing. Left to itself, it soon overflows its banks, mixes with common filth, and brings disrepute on the fountain.” Phyllis governed her comedy well.

     Neil Armstrong offered plenty of utility, that talent to accomplish amazing things. Of utility, Paine wrote, “Something useful will always arise from exercising the invention. . . . We owe many of our noblest discoveries more to accident than wisdom. In quest of a pebble we have found a diamond, and returned enriched with the treasure.” Paine was correct. The U.S. space program sought for moon rocks but in that process produced dazzling technological skills.

      On February 29, 2000, Armstrong described himself: “I am, and ever will be, a white-socks, pocket-protector nerdy engineer—born under the second law of thermodynamics, steeped in the steam tables, in love with free-flow dynamics, transformed by Laplace, and propelled by compressible flow.”

     Armstrong was the modern Merlin who lived his life according to his structured notes, namely his checklists. After landing on the moon, he grabbed the checklist which spelled out to him what he should do next. Because the checklist reduces error, pilots, astronauts, and even surgeons live by the checklist. Armstrong’s commitment to that list made life difficult though for his wife Janet. In 1989, after 38 years of marriage, she left him, saying, “The fact was it took a whole year to get on his schedule to go away for a weekend! In a sense, I resented it.” The checklist ruled Neil Armstrong’s life.

     Phyllis Diller had her checklist too, her memorized list of one-liners that she had properly arranged for producing maximum laughs from an audience, and she dared not deviate from that checklist.

     She passed away on August 20, at the age of 95. Neil Armstrong died five days later on August 25, at the age of 82, and last Friday, on September 14, his ashes were scattered at sea, in a ceremony aboard a U.S. Naval vessel upon the Atlantic Ocean.

GEORGE ARMSTRONG CUSTER AT WEST POINT

by William H. Benson

September 6, 2012

     Teachers and students are back in school, and it is time for students to think about what they will achieve between now and next May. During a person’s lifetime, school lasts only a short while, but it comes first in a person’s life, before that person enters the workforce. Because the kind of training determines the kind of work that will occupy a person’s remaining years, it is important for a student to think through what he or she wants to train for. One person who did that was George Armstrong Custer.   

     In Stephen E. Ambrose’s book Crazy Horse and Custer, Ambrose describes how the officers and instructors at the West Point Military Academy tried to discipline and train George Armstrong Custer for the four years just prior to the outbreak of the Civil War. It was as intense and regimented an experience as one can imagine, and at no time was Custer convinced that he would succeed, graduate, or receive a commission in the U. S. Army.

     In 1856 sixteen-year-old Custer sought an appointment to West Point, and the next year John A. Bingham, an Ohio representative, selected him. He was seventeen and a half years old when he arrived at West Point in New York State in July of 1857. He would remain there for the next four years, until July of 1861, when he was twenty-one and a half. He would leave only once during those four years, and that was only for a few weeks when half-way through.

     Custer did not respond well to the discipline and regimentation, mainly because at seventeen he was full of fun and boundless energy. His infectious smile and curly blond hair, his slim build and gaunt face just looked like trouble. The West Point officers jumped all over him, but they would not ever break him. He loved to play pranks on his fellow cadets, and for those infractions he received an abundance of demerits.

     Yet, he knew where the line was and did not exceed it. Ambrose explained that if any cadet received more than 100 demerits in a six-month period, officers would eject him from the Academy. Custer would boast that “he had ninety-four demerits in one six-month period, ninety-eight in the next, and so on.” For his demerits, he stood guard on Saturdays, and he confessed that “he spent sixty-six Saturdays marching post to pay for his transgressions, four hours at a time, without speaking to anyone.”

     Constantly did the West Point officers write up Custer for infractions: “late for parade, talking on parade, face unshaven, hair unkempt, equipment dirty, uniform disordered, shoes unpolished, slackness in drill, failure to salute a superior, sitting down on sentry duty, room out of order, gambling in quarters, tobacco smoke in quarters, late for class, and so on.”

     Custer admitted later: “My career as a cadet had but little to recommend it to the study of those who came after me, unless as an example to be carefully avoided.” His biographers say that he was “a slovenly soldier,” “a deplorable student,” a tardy and a clumsy recruit,” and that “it is safe to say that in all the long history of the Military Academy it was never afflicted with a less promising or more cantankerous pupil.”

     Ambrose wrote that West Point’s educational curriculum “was the toughest” in the country, mainly because “it was nearly all rote learning, memorization pure and simple.” One cadet at that time said that students at other colleges “have not the faintest idea of what hard study is.” “You can not and you dare not slight anything” at West Point. The cadets were forced to study long hours memorizing information and then recite it all back to the instructor during class.

     In a letter to his sister Lydia, Custer wrote that “I and others only average about four hours’ sleep in the twenty-four. I work until one at night, and get up at five.” Although his grades were normally the lowest in his classes, he was determined to survive. He wrote to his sister Ann and said that, “I would not leave this place for any amount of money, for I would rather have a good education and no money than a fortune and be ignorant.”

     In November of 1860, Custer and the cadets learned that the Republican, Abraham Lincoln, was elected the new President, and they knew that war was imminent. The cadets from the Southern states—South Carolina, Mississippi, and Alabama—began leaving West Point and returning to their homes, a most agonizing decision on their part. The following April the canons fired on Fort Sumter, war was declared, and the Union needed military officers, men like George Armstrong Custer.

     On June 24, 1861, he graduated 34^th in a class of 34 graduates. Of the sixty-eight admitted four years before, exactly half graduated. Custer succeeded where many thought he was doomed to fail. Five days later, Custer failed to break up a fist fight between two newly-arrived cadets and was promptly arrested and pitched into the guardhouse, where he sat for the next three weeks until his trial on July 15. The judges only reprimanded him, and then dismissed him.

     He departed West Point, a graduate and an officer in the U.S. Army, bent but never broken.

VIETNAM

by William H. Benson

August 23, 2012

     The Vietnam War began on August 22, 1945, when French paratroopers dropped into southern Indochina to counter a coup by guerrilla forces led by the Communist leader, Ho Chi Minh. This war was less hot, more cold, and more protracted than the war with the Japanese. The French army battled Ho Chi Minh and the Communists for the next nine years, until March of 1954, when the French lost a crucial victory at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu.

     By then the French had their fill of Vietnam. They met the Communists at a Geneva Conference, and there signed an armistice agreement that divided Vietnam into two states: North and South.

     The Americans stepped in. President Dwight D. Eisenhower wrote a letter, dated October 1, 1954, to South Vietnam’s new leader, Ngo Dinh Diem, and declared American support in light of the North’s aggressive tactics: “The purpose of this offer is to assist the Government of Vietnam in developing and maintaining a strong, viable state, capable of resisting attempted subversion or aggression through military means.” The support was limited and intended to only provide arms to the South Vietnamese.

     In the winter of 1959-60, the North Vietnamese attacked South Vietnam. In an article that appeared in The New York Times two weeks ago, on August 12, Lien-Hang Nguyen explained the Communists’ rationale for war then. “Revolutionary war was an effective way to deflect attention from domestic problems, including a devastating land reform campaign, a dissident intellectual movement, and an unsuccessful state plan for socialist transformation of the economy.” So they attacked the South.

     John F. Kennedy, the new U.S. President, elected in November of 1960, stuck with Eisenhower’s plan to contain Communist expansion in Vietnam, and he did so by providing more money and more military advisers than Ike had. On May 11, 1961, Kennedy issued Memorandum 52 that reiterated U. S. objectives: “to prevent Communist domination of South Vietnam, and to create in that country a viable and increasingly democratic society.”

     One can see the battle of ideas approaching a flash point. The Americans wanted a free South Vietnam, able to defend itself, with periodic elections and private ownership of land and property. The Communists wanted national ownership of all land and property, Communist Party-control of all official governing posts, and absolute control of the media. The two ideologies would inevitably clash.

     November 22, 1963 came and went, and Kennedy’s Vice-President, Lyndon Johnson, succeeded him in the White House. Johnson’s military advisers insisted that he accelerate U.S. support for the South Vietnamese, but he waived them aside, knowing that public opinion would frown on a military strike, and so he would wait until after the November 1964 Presidential election.

     On May 27, 1964, Johnson spoke on the telephone to his national security adviser McGeorge Bundy  and indicated his anxiety if he allowed the Communists in the North to overrun the free people in the South. If it fell, so too would Laos, Cambodia, and the rest of southeast Asia. If one domino fell, so would all the others. Publicly, Johnson said, “If we quit Vietnam, tomorrow we’ll be fighting in Hawaii , and next week we’ll be fighting in San Francisco.” Because he believed in the “domino theory,” he felt obliged to support the South Vietnamese people.

     The North Vietnamese attacked the USS Maddox in the Gulf Tonkin, and on August 7, 1964, Congress gave LBJ authority “to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States.”

    Johnson won the election by a landslide over Barry Goldwater in November 1964. On February 24, 1965, just seven weeks after his inaugural address, he introduced Operation Rolling Thunder. American military aircraft would bomb the North Vietnamese into submission. He intended it to last eight weeks, but it lasted for three years. On March 8, 1965, Johnson sent the first 3500 Marines to South Vietnam.

     He never envisaged what lay ahead for him and the American and Vietnamese people.

     James Cameron, a reporter near Hanoi and the Vietcong, wrote on December 10, 1965 that the North Vietnamese people adapted by burying their army under branches and leaves by day and moving at night. When an America jet screamed overhead, the reaction was horror as the people scrambled for protection. Cameron wrote, “There was somehow a sense of outrage against civility: what an impertinence, one felt, what arrogance, what an offence against manners. The people in North Vietnam are agreeable, shy people, and very poor. Will this sort of thing blow Communism out of their heads?”

     Nixon won the White House in 1968, accelerated the bombing, but finally decided to let the South Vietnamese fight their own war as he drew American forces down. Under President Gerald Ford, in April of 1975, the last of the Americans fled Saigon. The war in Vietnam was officially over.

     Question: What war did the U.S. fight for 7382 days? Answer: The war in Vietnam.