NINE WORLD WARS

by William H. Benson

February 21, 2008

     In Europe, it was named the Seven Years’ War, because it lasted from 1756 until 1763, but in America, it was the French and Indian War, because the English colonists and the British redcoats fought mainly the French and the Indians.

     In 1753 the Governor of Virginia, Robert Dinwiddie, commissioned George Washington, a young Virginian, then only twenty-one but quite tall and muscular, to head west into the Ohio River Valley and order the French to evacuate the region.

     The English colonists in Virginia had claims upon 800,000 acres of the strategic valley, but the French—Canadians and their Iroquois allies—were drifting south from the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River into the Ohio region. There they had constructed forts, trapped for furs, and claimed Ohio for the King of France.

     Thus, both European powers, the British and the French, were marching toward another confrontation, another war, this time for a prize—the disputed Ohio River Valley, and in a larger sense, all of North America.

     George Washington, born on February 22, 1732, did as Dinwiddie had instructed him, but Washington discovered that his words were not going to force the French to budge, let alone evacuate. The next year he returned with 150 Virginia militiamen, and his troops opened fire—the first shots of a fourth world war.

     British redcoats and English colonial militiamen fought the French on land and sea in a gigantic death struggle to decide who would own North America. William Pitt, the British leader in London, threw the entire weight of the British army and navy, and its treasury against the French. When the English General, James Wolfe, crushed the French general Montcalm at Quebec in 1759, England drove the French empire off the continent.

     Thus, English is the dominant language of North America, rather than French.   

     Scholars identify nine world wars, beginning with King William’s War, 1689-1697, and ending with World War II, 1941-1945. All of these world wars resulted in a fierce struggle upon the world’s oceans and upon the soil of two hemispheres—Europe and North America. The American people, whether as British subjects or American citizens, were unable to stay out of a single one of these nine wars. Neutrality was illusory.

     In the first four wars, the British fought the French. In the fifth world war—the American Revolution—it was the British colonists, led by George Washington, who fought the British, but Washington probably would not have defeated the British without the assistance of the French army, and especially her navy.

     The sixth war was the fallout that resulted from the French Revolution—the beheading of King Louis XVI, the fall of the French aristocracy, and the creation of the French republic. Napoleon’s bloody sweep across Europe that began in 1803 brought on the seventh world war. In the United States, it became known as the War of 1812 when Great Britain attacked Washington D.C., even torching the White House.

     The eighth and ninth wars, World Wars I and II, pitted the British, French, Americans, and Russians on one side against the Germans and the other Axis powers on the other.

     Today, February 21, marks the 92^nd anniversary of the beginning of arguably the worst battle of the worst of the nine world wars: the Battle of Verdun during World War I. Germany’s High Command decided early in 1916 that they would attack the French position at the town of Verdun in eastern France and thus clear a path to Paris. The French forces, though badly outnumbered, would not yield, and when the battle ended on December 15, there were 304,000 soldiers killed or missing. The worst of the worst.

     The following year the Americans, under General “Black Jack” Pershing, entered the war, and effectively determined the outcome in favor of the Allies.

     Last week Newsweek wrote, “World War I has no national monument. No iconic images. And only one soldier is still alive.” The one solitary surviving U.S. veteran of World War I, Frank Woodruff Buckles, turned 107 this month.

     England, France, America—enemies at times and allies at others. Five years ago next month, England’s Tony Blair sided with the U.S. President, George Bush, in his decision to attack Iraq, but France’s people and government wisely chose to sit this one out.

CITIES

by William H. Benson

February 7, 2008

     Cities across the globe attract millions of new immigrants each year. Some of these new arrivals find a much better life than they could have experienced should they have stayed in their rural native hinterland. For others though, the city grinds them up, pushing them into urban poverty, into the ghetto, where life is “short, nasty, and brutish.” Some find hope; others are swallowed up in hopelessness and despair.

     The decisions that emanate from certain cities impact people’s lives around the globe. A rumor originating in Washington D.C. is magnified manifold until it is heard in Asia, Europe, South America, Africa, and the Middle East. All concerned U.S. citizens seem to develop an ear that is tuned to the machinations coming out of Washington. Art, the publishing business, and the garment industry all revolve around New York City. Hollywood, California boasts of the film industry.

     Certain people are associated with a particular city. Benjamin Franklin found his fortune in Philadelphia, and then could afford to live for years in London and Paris. Bill and Hillary Clinton were Little Rock, Arkansas residents until they changed their address to Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington D.C. for eight years, and then they moved to New York City. Baghdad belonged to Saddam Hussein for decades, as did Moscow to Joseph Stalin.

     Think of Salt Lake City, and you think of Brigham Young. Harry Truman had Independence, Missouri. Jimmy Carter still lives in Plains, Georgia. Richard Nixon often escaped the Oval Office for San Clemente. After college, Ronald Reagan left his native Illinois and adopted Hollywood for his own.

     With the expansion of professional sports, we tend today to associate a city with their football, basketball, or baseball teams. Denver is the home of the Broncos and the Rockies. Los Angeles owns both the Raiders, formerly of Oakland, and also the Rams. Philadelphia claim the Eagles, Pittsburg the Steelers, and Green Bay the Packers. Boston has the Red Sox, but all of New England claims the Patriots.

     We know those cities’ coaches and players, those of today and of yesterday. Denver had Dan Reeves and John Elway. Vince Lombardi and Bart Starr found fame and fortune in a northern Wisconsin city called Greenbay, and Chicago had a Refrigerator.

     The name of a city can signify much more than a professional sports team though. One day the Greek mathematician Archimedes was absorbed in thought over a mathematical diagram he was sketching in the sand. So intent was he that he failed to hear the approach of a Roman soldier who told him to desist his drawing. Because he did not instantly obey, the Roman soldier killed Archimedes. That tale, true or not, encapsulates the difference between the ancient Greek and Roman cultures, between Athens and Rome.

     Athens represented the pursuit of the good life: beauty, art, sculpture, drama, literature, philosophy. Rome, on the other hand, represented political power: the sword, war, and brutally crushing any and all opposition. “Pay your taxes and keep the peace,” was Rome’s constant threat, “or else.”

     If Rome was to the far left of Athens, (both geographically and culturally) to the far right was Jerusalem, the home of the ancient Hebrews. In this city, the emphasis was upon worship, finding the proper form and duty, something that the ancient Greeks and Romans gave only occasional attention.

     Today’s world-class cities fascinate modern men and women: London, Tokyo, and New York City each have their own culture, their own aura. They excel at creating their own kind of citizen, a man or a woman who loves to live in such a megalopolis, capable above all else of riding the subways and fighting the crowds.

     Next Tuesday is Abraham Lincoln’s birthday. Save for his childhood and the Presidency, he lived his adult life in Springfield, Illinois. It was there in that town that he explored the ideas and then put them into the words that would propel him into national prominence and eventually put him into the White House in Washington D.C., the nation’s capital, a city.  

THE NUMBER VS. THE WORD

by William H. Benson

January 24, 2008

     “Science is vastly more important than art, hands down,” so said a prominent writer in his most recent book. At first glance, and in light of what science and mathematics has accomplished over the past century, it appears that he is probably correct. Yet, I would contend that the liberal arts also deserve a prominent place in our lives.

     The numbers that live within the sciences and businesses are important, life-changing, the very bases for our technological breakthroughs. Without a working knowledge of mathematics, job hunters are at a serious disadvantage, virtually disabled and unable to compete for the better jobs within the workforce.

     But the words and ideas that make up our arts—literature, philosophy, theology, law, journalism, history, and psychology—are essential, a necessary component of our lives. Without words, without language, and the bodies of learning that words inhabit, we would live very poor lives indeed. I think it unwise to place the world of science and numbers superior to that of arts and words, or vice versa, for it seems that one compliments the other.

     We live in a world that includes both sets of knowledge—the number and the word, the equation and the sentence, the theorem and the paragraph, the graph and the explanatory footnote. There is number dexterity, and then there is word dexterity. Quantification is a necessary skill, but so too is qualification—the number’s explanations and meanings. Grade school students may groan, but math story problems incorporate both words and numbers, and adults daily apply numerical skills to their lives.

     Few people have successfully circumnavigated and made outstanding contributions in both worlds. Offhand, I can think of only two—Blaise Pascal and Pythagoras—both mathematicians and both philosophers.

     Numbers fascinated the ancient Greek mathematicians, men such as Pythagoras, who believed that numbers were austere, full of meaning and mysticism. They believed that all of mathematics and all science could be explained by numbers. A distinguished physicist once said, “An equation is the most serious and important thing in mathematics.” We are all richer because some brilliant minds of the past discovered equations, formulated theorems, and laid down algebraic and geometrical principles.

      Numbers do a great job of measuring the world about us, of identifying trends and projecting them into the future, defining the dimensions of objects within the natural world, and a myriad other tasks.

     But numbers do a very poor job in certain areas, such as sketching our own internal worlds. Human beings live in their thoughts, images, imaginations, dreams, emotions, and hopes, and outsiders are often in the dark as to what people are truly like on the inside, “in those places,” Charles Dickens said, “where the meanings live.” Only words and stories can even begin to diagram a human being’s internal software.

     We live in the Great Information Age. Information is in abundance, at our fingertips, easily and freely obtainable, in the form of graphs, tables, bar charts, and statistics. What is rare is “meaning” behind much of that information. Only a word person can provide that meaning or the explanation.

     Lee Iacoca once said, “There were a lot of guys a lot smarter than I was. They were engineers, design architects with lots of technical skill, numbers guys, and yet I surpassed all of them. I had something they didn’t—the ability to speak, to persuade, to convince, to lead, and to manage.”

     A student once asked the author James Michener what she should study at college, and he replied, “Unless I had extraordinary aptitude in the sciences, I’d stick with liberal arts every time. The pay isn’t as good. The jobs aren’t waiting when you graduate. But forty years from now the scientists in your class will be scientists. And the liberal arts men will be governing the world.”

ACHIEVEMENT

by William H. Benson

January 10, 2008

     I watched the presidential candidates debate the issues on television last Saturday evening, prior to New Hampshire’s primary vote on Tuesday, and I was impressed. Each of the Republicans first and then the Democrats next seemed intelligent, articulate, and determined to redirect our country’s future with definite plans.

     Of the four Democrats—Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, John Edwards, and Bill Richardson—I thought that Hillary dominated the debate. As the campaign gears up, and even though I may not agree with her political views, I suspect that she will be difficult to beat. All four of the Democrats vowed that if elected they would bring the troops home from Iraq, a promise I was glad to hear. One of them, perhaps it was John Edwards, said, “To end the war, we must end the occupation.” How true.

     A clear winner did not appear among the Republicans, and yet, I would say that Mitt Romney appeared on the defensive. Mike Huckabee, the Arkansas Baptist minister who won in Iowa’s caucus vote, seemed intense, even wound up, whereas Fred Thompson and John McCain came across relaxed and confident. But, it would be a mistake to count Giuliani out, for the race among the Republicans is wide open; any of them could win the next handful of primaries, even though McCain and Thompson have the most experience.

     By the time you read this, we will know the two winners in New Hampshire, and I predict Hillary Clinton and John McCain.

     Any American who wants to run for the highest office in the land belongs to a select group of very driven and focused people, who must endure a lot of criticism and verbal abuse. Originating from ordinary backgrounds, they are now extraordinary people, and plenty has gone into making these people so driven that they strive for the Oval Office.

     Recently I re-read the book Profiles of Power & Success in which its author Gene N. Landrum identified the traits of the overachiever: intuitive-thinking, an exceptional amount of self-esteem and optimism, a talent for risk-taking, an obsessive will power, manic energy, a dedicated work ethic, plus tenacity and perseverance. In addition, there is usually at least one crisis in such a person’s background, possibly a whole series of them.

     The crisis is not a desirable episode in anyone’s life, and yet, “it appears from the research that such events are the catalysts for transforming average people into overachieving visionaries. The crisis becomes their inspiration.” People who have suffered a great trauma are imprinted by their experience; they are either destroyed by it or pushed into a higher gear and armed with a manic need to succeed.

     The crisis can appear in several forms: a disabling injury, the loss of a parent or sibling when a child, a bankruptcy, imprisonment, a divorce, or abandonment by family members. ”Psychological suffering, anxiety, and collapse can lead to new emotional, intellectual, and spiritual strengths—confusion and doubt can lead to new ideas.” And to new thoughts about who they are and what they will achieve.

     Their lives have become “a Horatio Alger story.” Upon this very theme—of rags-to-riches—did Horatio Alger, Jr. write over 100 books, selling 20 million copies, and once you have read one, you have read them all, even though the titles may change. There was Luck or Pluck, Sink or Swim, Ragged Dick, and Tattered Tom, fictional stories in which a street urchin who, through his own industry, honesty, and perseverance, rises to the top.

     Unfortunately, Alger failed to apply those same qualities to his own life. He wasted his book royalties living the fast life in New York, San Francisco, and Paris, and dying in 1899 in his sister’s home in rural Massachusetts, drained of any semblance of success.

     To throw your name in the ring, to declare yourself a candidate for president, to ask voters for their vote in a primary is to take a gigantic personal risk: it is not for the faint of heart. Few have the gumption to do it, and among those few, only one wins. It is more by pluck than luck and by swim than sink that anyone wins. In 2008 may the voters elect the best person—man or woman—for the job.

THE SELF-HELP INDUSTRY

by William H. Benson

December 27, 2007

     Advice-givers, distributors of visions of truth, and general all-around merchants of wisdom collectively belong to what I call the “self-help industry.” They all work at a printing mill that produces a tidal wave of books each year that supposedly offers the keys to success: finding the better job or the best husband or wife, making the top grades, getting a promotion, solving marital problems, and achieving the successful life.

     Joel Osteen’s smiling face adorns the cover of his best-seller, the newest entry in this literary genre. For decades, Robert Schuller and Wayne Dyer have written their own remedies for what ails people, and before them, there was Norman Vincent Peale, the father of the self-help industry, who burst on the scene in 1952 with his The Power of Positive Thinking.

     Peale’s chapter titles, in a nutshell, underscores his advice: Believe in yourself, Create your own happiness, Expect the best and get it, Don’t believe in defeat, Break the worry habit, and Use faith in healing. Within his chapters Peale quoted repeatedly from the Bible, such as this from Psalms, “The Lord is the Strength of my life, . . . in this will I be confident.” On occasion Peale borrowed from Marcus Aurelius or from Ralph Waldo Emerson, who said, “A man is what he thinks about all day long.”

     The bulk of his material though Peale built around people (first names only) whom he had met and counseled in his duties as a pastor at the Marble Collegiate Church in New York City. He described how those men and women had struggled and then found success, mostly by believing in themselves.

     I have read any number of these self-help books, but I find the best advice not from the current self-help output to hit the best-seller list, but rather from those words from nearly three centuries ago, from Benjamin Franklin’s Poor Richard’s Almanac. It was on December 28, 1732 in Franklin’s newspaper, the Pennsylvania Gazette, that he first advertised his almanac, written by Richard Saunders, Franklin’s pseudonym.

     In the almanac, Ben offered his advice in carefully constructed sentences that were “both entertaining and useful.” In his Autobiography, he wrote, “I therefore filled all the little spaces that occurr’d between the remarkable days in the calendar with proverbial sentences.”

     Franklin championed hard work: “There are no gains without pains.” “At the working man’s house hunger looks in but dares not enter.” “God gives all things to industry.” He detested fools: “It is ill manners to silence a fool and cruelty to let him go on.” “He that speaks much is much mistaken.” “Speak little, do much.”

     As for getting even when injured, he suggested, “If you would be revenged of your enemy, govern yourself.” “Write injuries in dust, benefits in marble.” “It is better to take many injuries than to give one.” To achieve marital bliss, he advised, “Keep your eyes wide open before marriage, half shut afterwards.”

     Friends, he suggested, should be carefully picked: “The rotten apple spoils his companion.” “He that lies down with dogs shall rise up with fleas.” To the religious fanatic he said: “None preaches better than the ant, and she says nothing.” “How many observe Christ’s birthday; how few his passages! O! ‘tis easier to keep the holidays than the commandments.” “Many have quarreled about religion that never practiced it.”

     His diet would not attract many: “Eat few suppers, and you’ll need few medicines.” And neither would his child-rearing tactics: “Love well, whip well.” He promoted life-long learning: “If you think the price of education is high, try ignorance.” “There are lazy minds as well as lazy bodies.” He recognized the demon lurking inside the liquor bottle: “Drink does not drown care, but waters it, and makes it grow fast.” Happy New Year!

     Christmas is behind us, and the New Year 2008 lies before us. Time marches on, and it is the season to set some conclusions, record some resolutions, establish worthy goals. May 2008 reveal for you new and wonderful ideas, interesting friends, pleasant and comfortable surroundings. And my advice to you, good and faithful reader, is this: “Believe only half of what you see or read, and none of what you hear.”

DAY OF THE UNDERDOG

William H. Benson

December 13, 2007

     On December 21, 2007, we are expected to salute all of the underdogs and unsung heroes—the Number 2 people who contribute so much to the Number One people. We call it Underdog Day, and we are expected to honor certain characters, such as Dr. Watson to Sherlock Holmes, Friday to Robinson Crusoe, Tonto to the Lone Ranger, Robin to Batman, Lois Lane to Superman, Barney Fife to Andy Taylor, and Dale Evans to Roy Rogers.

     All of us begin life as underdogs: we are the children at home or in the daycare, then we are students at school, and then we start our first job. Ugh!

     Kurt Vonnegut, the writer, invented the term “granfallon” to describe a great bubble that someone must puncture in order to see the complexity or rot that dwells inside it. In every social group, every granfallon, there is a sorting and shuffling process that gives rise to a pecking order with clear winners, also-ran’s, and losers—both the powerless, as well as the guy who stands at the apex of the pyramid. Once “dug in” on the bottom, as is the underdog, it is the rare individual, who can find the path up and out, to the top.

     Who dares to start the trek upward, to puncture the granfallon, to reshuffle the deck?

Individuals often discover that it has to be done collectively, with the support of others.

     An example was the women’s liberation movement of the 1960’s. Alone, women felt powerless, but together in small local groups they began rethinking their traditional roles, rejected the premise of their inferiority, gained confidence in themselves, forged bonds with others who felt the same, and defied a system that had relegated them to the house and the kids. They asked for more.

     Gradually, the once secure bastions of male power and privilege were forced to open their doors to women—first Yale and Princeton, then the medical and law schools, the astronaut corps, and the Supreme Court. And someday the Oval Office. Betty Frieden, the author of The Feminine Mystique, said that, “The only way for a woman, as for a man, to find herself, to know herself as a person, is by creative work of her own.”

     At the bottom of the social heap in America are the tenants housed in the nation’s prisons. Long have they been isolated from the community that surrounds the prison. Little support within and without has created a most miserable life there. Underdogs without much hope. Howard Zinn, the historian, wrote that, “In general the courts have declared their unwillingness to enter the closed, controlled world of the prison, and so the prisoners remained as they have been so long, on their own.”

     Outside of the United States live the citizens of those countries which the President and Congress have decided to drop bombs upon. They are the true underdogs. Today it is the men, women, and children of Iraq. Forty years ago, it was the Vietnamese, and before them it was the Koreans. Who will suffer the wrath emanating from the Oval Office next time around?

     Robert Bowman, a former U.S. Air Force lieutenant colonel, wrote in 1998 the following: “We are not hated because we practice democracy, value freedom, or uphold human rights. We are hated because our government denies these same  things to people in Third World countries whose resources we covet. Instead of sending our sons and daughters around the world to kill Arabs so we can have the oil under their sand, we should send them to rebuild their infrastructure, supply clean water, and feed starving children. We should do good instead of evil. Who would try to stop us? Who would hate us? Who would want to bomb us? That is the truth the American people need to hear.”

     Zinn wrote, “Voices like Bowman’s were mostly shut out of the major American media after the September 11 attacks.”

     The Christmas season is upon us, a time when we should think about extending a helping hand to the downtrodden, the oppressed, the fallen, the factotum in a dog’s body, the underdogs. So many people who live near to us have been swept aside or are caught up in systems not of their own making, and thus they live lives that are stifled and utterly miserable. This Christmas, this year, do we dare puncture these granfallon?